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{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 09: 20 emotions|ninth}}
{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}}
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==Overview==
This tutorial discusses the nature and functions of 20 individual emotions.

==Individual emotions==
[[Emotion knowledge]] can be developed by expanding one's vocabulary for different types of feelings. Having a wide vocabulary helps to distinguish a wide range emotions and to understand their purposes and functions.

This tutorial distinguishes 20 specific emotions and their functions.

When dealing with many emotions, it helps to organise them into categories.

===Categories===
The 20 emotions can be organised into three categories (Reeve, 2018; see Table 1):
* '''Basic''' (7) - Core emotions: present in early development; recognised cross-culturally
<!-- 
### Fear
### Anger
### Disgust
### Contempt
### Sadness
### Joy
### Interest -->
* '''Self-conscious''' (5): occurs when we become self-aware about how others perceive us
<!-- 
### Shame
### Guilt
### Embarrassment
### Pride
### Triumph
-->
* '''Cognitively complex''' (8): arise from thoughts/perceptions about life events often involving others
<!--
### Envy
### Gratitude
### Disappointment
### Regret
### Hope
### Schadenfreude
### Empathy
### Compassion -->

'''Table 1'''

''20 Individual Emotions Organised Into Three Categories''
<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: auto;"
! width=30%; |Basic (7)
! width=30%; |Self-conscious (5)
! width=30%; |Cognitively complex (8)
|-
| [[w:Fear|Fear]]
| [[w:Shame|Shame]]
| [[w:Envy|Envy]]
|-
| [[w:Anger|Anger]]
| [[w:Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]]
| [[w:Gratitude|Gratitude]]
|-
| [[w:Disgust|Disgust]]
| [[w:Embarrassment|Embarrassment]]
| [[w:Disappointment|Disappointment]]
|-
| [[w:Contempt|Contempt]]
| [[w:Pride|Pride]]
| [[w:Regret|Regret]]
|-
| [[w:Sadness|Sadness]]
| [[w:Triumph (emotion)|Triumph]]
| [[w:Hope|Hope]]
|-
| [[w:Joy|Joy]]
|
| [[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]]
|-
| [[w:Interest (emotion)|Interest]]
|
| [[w:Empathy|Empathy]]
|-
|
|
| [[w:Compassion|Compassion]]
|}
</div>
''Note''. Links go to Wikipedia articles; For a table of these emotions with links to specific Wikiversity book chapters, see the [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions#Motivations generated by specific emotions|individual emotions lecture]]; Based on Reeve (2018)

What other systems of categorisation (or dimensions) could be useful? e.g.,
* '''Active vs. passive emotions''' - trigger motivation for action vs. involve inception or reflection
* '''Approach vs. avoidance''' emotions - motivation towards positive engagement vs. motivate withdrawal of defensive behaviours
* '''Positive vs. negative''' emotions - pleasant vs. unpleasant
* '''Primary vs. secondary''' emotions -  innate, universal, appear early in life vs. develop later, require self-awareness
* '''Short-term vs. long-term''' emotions - transitory, immediate reactions vs. sustained over time
* '''Social vs. non-social''' emotions - arise in interpersonal contexts vs. not dependent on social relations

===I feel ...===
What do each of these 20 emotions actually feel like and why do we feel them?

The main reason for each of the emotions is presented in Table 2.
<!--
To gain experiential insight, practice using "I feel ... " statements for a wide range of different emotions (see Table 2). -->

'''Table 2'''

''"I Feel" Definitions for 20 Emotions''
<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: auto;"
! Emotion
! Definition
|-
| Anger
| I feel injustice
|-
| Compassion
| I feel caring about you
|-
| Contempt
| I feel superior to you
|-
| Disappointment
| I feel down about a poor outcome
|-
| Disgust
| I feel repulsed
|-
| Embarrassment
| I feel awkward in front of you
|-
| Empathy
| I feel with you
|-
| Envy
| I feel jealous - I want what you have
|-
| Fear
| I feel in danger
|-
| Gratitude
| I feel thankful
|-
| Guilt
| I feel bad about wronging you
|-
| Hope
| I feel optimistic about my future
|-
| Interest
| I feel curious
|-
| Joy
| I feel happiness within
|-
| Pride
| I feel good about myself and achievements
|-
| Regret
| I feel sorrow for what I did
|-
| Sadness
| I feel bad about a loss
|-
| Schadenfreude
| I feel pleasure at your misfortune
|-
| Shame
| I feel bad about myself because I am publicly wrong
|-
| Triumph
| I feel victorious
|}
</div>

==Emotion matching exercise==

{{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}}
'''Activity: Emotion matching'''
[[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]]
# Collaborate in pairs to discuss and complete the <!-- Handout: [[:File:20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise.pdf|20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]] --> [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OvG1jp1OBEGBzcDmL5W_yczXNGsqN43D_Zpdn9jHqsU/edit?usp=sharing 20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise]
# Each pair completes two sheets:
## Find the emotion and category that matches the definition
## Find the definition and category that matches the emotion
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Discussion==
<ol>
<li> What is/are your '''favourite''' or '''most interesting''' emotion(s)? Why?</li>
<li> What is the difference between '''shame''', '''guilt''', and '''embarrassment'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Shame and guilt both involve feeling bad about the standard of the self's behaviour</li>
<li> Shame is public; Guilt is private (''shame in the courtroom''; ''guilt in the cell'')</li>
<li> Shame focuses on ''self''; Guilt focuses on ''behaviour''</li>
<li> Embarrassment arises from innocent social blunder; it acknowledge this awareness and asks forgiveness</li>
</ol>
<li> What is the difference between '''pride''' and '''triumph'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Both involve feeling good</li>
<li> Pride is more personal, based on achievement</li>
<li> Triumph is more social, based on competitive victory over others</li>
</ol>
<li> What are the two aspects of '''pride'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Authentic: Based on genuine achievement</li>
<li> Hubristic/Narcissistic: Self-puffery; based on desire to be better/more dominant than others; undermines relationships</li>
</ol>
<li> What emotions are associated with these '''interpersonal scenarios'''?</li>
</ol>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
!
!... other person feels good
!... other person feels bad
|-
|'''I feel good because ...'''
|vicarious joy, mudita, compersion, empathy, freudenfreude
|schadenfreude, contempt, hate, narcissism, arrogance
|-
|'''I feel bad because ...'''
|envy, jealousy, gluckschmerz
|empathy, compassion, sympathy
|}
<ol start="6">
<li> What are the two types of '''envy'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Benign: Focuses on self-improvement (''building up'')</li>
<li> Malicious: Focuses on undermining another (''tearing down'')</li>
</ol>
<li> What is the difference between '''empathy''', '''compassion''', and '''sympathy'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Empathy: Mirrors the feelings of another </li>
<li> Compassion: Motivates action to help another </li>
<li> Sympathy: Pitying of others; involves power </li>
</ol>
<li> What is the difference between '''disappointment''' and '''regret'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Both involve experiencing a worse outcome than expected; the difference is the amount of perceived control</li>
<li> Disappointment: Perceives that one's behaviour could not have lead to a different outcome</li>
<li> Regret: Perceives that, had one's behaviour been different, a better outcome could have been achieved</li>
</ol>
<li> What are the two aspects of '''gratitude'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Indebtedness <math>\rightarrow</math> Exchange-based relationship: If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship</li>
<li> Care <math>\rightarrow</math> Communal relationship: If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship</li>
</ol>
<li> What is the opposite of '''hope'''?</li>
<ol>
<li> Fear</li>
<li> Both fear and hope are about expectations of the future</li>
<li> Also consider hopelessness / helplessness</li>
</ol>
</ol>

==Readings==
* Chapter 14: Individual emotions ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]])

==Recording==
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/805b463d37464601986875924da3588a Tutorial 09] (2024)<!--
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/7ba704c041be4506b9b9176dd7063e9c Tutorial 09] (2023)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/30253ce91beb4a02907ddca89ab11a8d Tutorial 09 recording Pt 1] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/60135634ce83484482bf7a2ef8199bd0 Tutorial 09 recording Pt 2] (2022)
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3d5dd6db621d4c309db303408bdcaa19 Tutorial 09 recording], 2021
* [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/1efcf556a5384d3586d2abc55a7b2109 Tutorial 09 recording], 2020
-->

==See also==
<!--
;Book chapters
;Wikipedia
-->
;Lecture
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Lecture)

;Tutorials
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Measuring emotion|Measuring emotion]] (Previous tutorial)
* [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Time perspective|Time perspective]] (Next tutorial)

;Admin
* [[/Instructor notes/]]

==References==
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{{:Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw Brené Brown on empathy] (YouTube; 2:53 mins)
* [https://twentyonetoys.com/blogs/teaching-empathy/brene-brown-empathy-vs-sympathy Empathy vs sympathy (Dr Brené Brown)] (twentyonetoys.com)
* [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/talkback-how-to-deal-with-guilt/102450958 How to deal with guilt] (Life Matters, ABC Radio National, 9 June, 2023)
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