View source for Syllabus of Economics/Learning bricks

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
| colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid IndianRed; background-color:MistyRose;" |
<div style="border-bottom:1px solid IndianRed; background-color:LightCoral; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold;color:black;">Another brick in the wall</div>

<div style="padding:2em 5em 3em 3em;"> <!--Note: Top, right, bottom, left -->
[[File:Three little pigs - third pig builds a house - Project Gutenberg eText 15661.jpg|right|150px]]

'''You can help build the Wikiversity School of Economics by adding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR5ApYxkU-U&feature=related another brick]. '''

A brick is a short lesson or study guide on one topic. Choose any topic you like and later, these bricks can later be added to the [[Syllabus of Economics | economics syllabus]] to help other people teach or learn.


1. Describe the topic you are learning and/or teaching.

2. Add links to relevant Wikipedia entries and other learning materials.

3. Write about how you learn about this, e.g. reading, watching a video, or playing a game.

4. Write one or more questions and answers that test knowledge and understanding of this topic.


Add your bricks to this page. It doesn't matter if the syllabus pages for your topic haven't been set up yet. Your brick can be added later. Examples and templates will be added to this page to help you construct another brick for the wall.
</div>
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%"
| colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid IndianRed; background-color:MistyRose;" |
<div style="border-bottom:1px solid IndianRed; background-color:LightCoral; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold;color:black;">Another brick in the wall</div>

<div style="padding:2em 5em 3em 3em;"> <!--Note: Top, right, bottom, left -->


'''Features of Adam Smith's Definition of Economics'''
# 
#  Study of Material Goods Only - This definition of Economics only focusses on goods like pen and paper not sunshine and rainbows.
# 
#  Study of Wealth - In Adam Smith's view, Economics is only about wealth - ie. how we can increase wealth
# 
#  Economic Man - An economic man is a person only motivated by self-interest.
#  Causes of Wealth 
# 
'''Features of Alfred Marshal's Definition of Economics'''
# 
#  Study of Mankind - Unlike the wealth definition, this is focussed on man and material welfare
# 
#  Study of Ordinary Business of Life - Economic Activities have been described as the 'ordinary business of life'
# 
</div>
|}

=== Net Present Value ===
Check out the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_present_value Net Present Value] Wikipedia page.

A net present value calculation seeks to estimate the total real value of a decision in terms of today's monetary unit, given costs and benefits that might be accrued in the future, and some discount rate that the decision maker uses to evaluate future benefits. A discount rate is an estimate of how much less the decision maker values the same benefit one time unit later. Often, the time unit is years, and the discount rate is an annual discount rate. Net present value is then a summation of the value of all benefits accrued over a period of time by a certain decision, where each benefit <math>R_t</math> at time <math>t</math> is discounted by the discount rate, often labeled <math>i</math> or <math>r</math>.

The Net Present Value (<math>NPV</math>) is then
:<math>NPV=\sum\limits_{t=0}^T\frac{R_t}{(1+i)^t}</math>
where <math>T</math> is the total number of future periods, and <math>R_t</math> is the net benefit in time period <math>t</math>, with <math>t=0</math> corresponding to the current time period.

=== Game Theory ===

==== Nash Equilibrium ====

'''''Example of Counterterrorism'''''

In a political economy, policies towards counterterrorism play a major role in the deterrence of terrorists. Such actions display key components represented in 
[[game theory]]. There are two types of policies: proactive and defensive. Proactive policies are utilized as an offensive strategy attacking terrorists, their supporters and their resource base. Defensive policies use a passive approach to create a barrier surrounding potential targets. Game theory assists in explaining the payoffs of both methods in the international community<ref>Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2011). The Political Economy of Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791451.</ref>.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|   ||   || '''EU''' ||   || 
|-
|   ||   || ''Deter'' || ''Status Quo'' || ''Preempt''
|-
| '''US''' || ''Deter'' || -2,-2 || 2,-4 || 6,-6
|-
|   || ''Status Quo'' || -4,2 || 0,0 || 4,-2
|-
|   || ''Preempt'' || -6,6 || -2,4 || 2,2
|}
<small>'''Figure 1. Deterrence versus preemption - symmetric cases'''</small>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|   ||   || '''EU''' ||   || 
|-
|   ||   || ''Deter'' || ''Status Quo'' || ''Preempt''
|-
| '''US''' || ''Deter'' || -2,-2 || 2,-4 || 6,-6
|-
|   || ''Status Quo'' || -4,2 || 0,0 || 4,-2
|-
|   || ''Preempt'' || -2,6 || 2,4 || 6,2
|}
<small>'''Figure 2. Deterrence versus preemption - asymmetric cases'''</small>

The [[Nash equilibrium]] in '''Figure 1''' is either both countries deter or both countries keep the status quo. If one player chooses an option in which a larger payoff occurs, then the other player will suffer a significant loss. Choices occur simultaneously in symmetric cases. '''Figure 2''' shows an asymmetric case in which the payoff for certain strategies benefit one player significantly more than the other. The Nash equilibrium would occur if both players deter or if one preempts and the other deters.

Such games provide a visual example as to why preferred-target countries choose a combination of offensive and defensive counterterrorism measures, while less-targeted countries resort to defensive measures.

{{CourseCat}}