5-cell

A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a simple rotation

Net of five tetrahedra (one hidden)

In geometry, the 5-cell is the convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,3,3}. It is a 5-vertex four-dimensional object bounded by five tetrahedral cells.Template:Efn It is also known as a C₅, pentachoron, pentatope, pentahedroid, or tetrahedral pyramid. It is the 4-simplex (Coxeter's ${\alpha }_4$ polytope),Template:Sfn the simplest possible convex 4-polytope, and is analogous to the tetrahedron in three dimensions and the triangle in two dimensions. The 5-cell is a 4-dimensional pyramid with a tetrahedral base and four tetrahedral sides.

The regular 5-cell is bounded by five regular tetrahedra, and is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes (the four-dimensional analogues of the Platonic solids). A regular 5-cell can be constructed from a regular tetrahedron by adding a fifth vertex one edge length distant from all the vertices of the tetrahedron. This cannot be done in 3-dimensional space. The regular 5-cell is a solution to the problem: Make 10 equilateral triangles, all of the same size, using 10 matchsticks, where each side of every triangle is exactly one matchstick, and none of the triangles and matchsticks intersect one another. No solution exists in three dimensions.

Alternative names

• Pentachoron (5-point 4-polytope)
• Hypertetrahedron (4-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron)
• 4-simplex (4-dimensional simplex)
• Tetrahedral pyramid (4-dimensional hyperpyramid with a tetrahedral base)
• Pentatope
• Pentahedroid (Henry Parker Manning)
• Pen (Jonathan Bowers: for pentachoron)

Geometry

The 5-cell is the 4-dimensional simplex, the simplest possible 4-polytope. As such it is the first in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity).Template:Efn

Sequence of 6 regular convex 4-polytopes
Symmetry group	A4	B4		F4	H4
Name	5-cell Hyper-tetrahedron 5-point	16-cell Hyper-octahedron 8-point	8-cell Hyper-cube 16-point	24-cell Hyper-cuboctahedron 24-point	600-cell Hyper-icosahedron 120-point	120-cell Hyper-dodecahedron 600-point
Schläfli symbol	{3, 3, 3}	{3, 3, 4}	{4, 3, 3}	{3, 4, 3}	{3, 3, 5}	{5, 3, 3}
Coxeter mirrors	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
Mirror dihedrals	Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac	Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac	Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac	Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac	Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac	Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac Template:Sfrac
Graph
VerticesTemplate:Efn	5 tetrahedral	8 octahedral	16 tetrahedral	24 cubical	120 icosahedral	600 tetrahedral
Edges	10 triangular	24 square	32 triangular	96 triangular	720 pentagonal	1200 triangular
Faces	10 triangles	32 triangles	24 squares	96 triangles	1200 triangles	720 pentagons
Cells	5 {3, 3}	16 {3, 3}	8 {4, 3}	24 {3, 4}	600 {3, 3}	120 {5, 3}
Tori	5 {3, 3}	8 {3, 3} x 2	4 {4, 3} x 2	6 {3, 4} x 4	30 {3, 3} x 20	10 {5, 3} x 12
Inscribed	120 in 120-cell	675 in 120-cell	2 16-cells	3 8-cells	25 24-cells	10 600-cells
Great polygons		2 squares x 3Template:Efn	4 rectangles x 4	4 hexagons x 4	12 decagons x 6	100 irregular hexagons x 4
Petrie polygons	1 pentagon x 2	1 octagon x 3	2 octagons x 4	2 dodecagons x 4	4 30-gons x 6	20 30-gons x 4
Long radius	$1$	$1$	$1$	$1$	$1$	$1$
Edge lengthTemplate:Efn	$\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}\approx 1.581$	$\sqrt{2}\approx 1.414$	$1$	$1$	$\frac{1}{\varphi }\approx 0.618$	$\frac{1}{{\varphi }^2\sqrt{2}}\approx 0.270$
Short radius	$\frac{1}{4}$	$\frac{1}{2}$	$\frac{1}{2}$	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\approx 0.707$	$\sqrt{\frac{{\varphi }^4}{8}}\approx 0.926$	$\sqrt{\frac{{\varphi }^4}{8}}\approx 0.926$
Area	$10\left(\frac{5\sqrt{3}}{8}\right)\approx 10.825$	$32\left(\sqrt{\frac{3}{4}}\right)\approx 27.713$	$24$	$96\left(\sqrt{\frac{3}{16}}\right)\approx 41.569$	$1200\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4{\varphi }^2}\right)\approx 198.48$	$720\left(\frac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{8{\varphi }^4}\right)\approx 90.366$
Volume	$5\left(\frac{5\sqrt{5}}{24}\right)\approx 2.329$	$16\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\approx 5.333$	$8$	$24\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\right)\approx 11.314$	$600\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{12{\varphi }^3}\right)\approx 16.693$	$120\left(\frac{15+7\sqrt{5}}{4{\varphi }^6\sqrt{8}}\right)\approx 18.118$
4-Content	$\frac{\sqrt{5}}{24}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)}^4\approx 0.146$	$\frac{2}{3}\approx 0.667$	$1$	$2$	$\frac{\text{Short}\times \text{Vol}}{4}\approx 3.863$	$\frac{\text{Short}\times \text{Vol}}{4}\approx 4.193$

A 5-cell is formed by any five points which are not all in the same hyperplane (as a tetrahedron is formed by any four points which are not all in the same plane, and a triangle is formed by any three points which are not all in the same line). Any such five points constitute a 5-cell, though not usually a regular 5-cell. The regular 5-cell is not found within any of the other regular convex 4-polytopes except one: the 600-vertex 120-cell is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells.Template:Efn

Structure

When a net of five tetrahedra is folded up in 4-dimensional space such that each tetrahedron is face bonded to the other four, the resulting 5-cell has a total of 5 vertices, 10 edges and 10 faces. Four edges meet at each vertex, and three tetrahedral cells meet at each edge.

The 5-cell is self-dual (as are all simplexes), and its vertex figure is the tetrahedron.Template:Efn Its maximal intersection with 3-dimensional space is the triangular prism. Its dihedral angle is cos⁻¹(Template:Sfrac), or approximately 75.52°.

The convex hull of two 5-cells in dual configuration is the disphenoidal 30-cell, dual of the bitruncated 5-cell.

As a configuration

This configuration matrix represents the 5-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 5-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element. This self-dual polytope's matrix is identical to its 180 degree rotation.Template:Sfn The k-faces can be read as rows left of the diagonal, while the k-figures are read as rows after the diagonal.

Grünbaum's rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975

Element	k-face	fk	f0	f1	f2	f3	k-figs
Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	( )	f0	5	4	6	4	{3,3}
Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	{ }	f1	2	10	3	3	{3}
Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	{3}	f2	3	3	10	2	{ }
Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	{3,3}	f3	4	6	4	5	( )

All these elements of the 5-cell are enumerated in Branko Grünbaum's Venn diagram of 5 points, which is literally an illustration of the regular 5-cell in projection to the plane.

The simplest set of Cartesian coordinates is: (2,0,0,0), (0,2,0,0), (0,0,2,0), (0,0,0,2), (𝜙,𝜙,𝜙,𝜙), with edge length 2Template:Sqrt, where 𝜙 is the golden ratio.Template:Sfn While these coordinates are not origin-centered, subtracting $(1,1,1,1)/(2-\frac{1}{\varphi })$ from each translates the 4-polytope's circumcenter to the origin with radius $2(\varphi -1/(2-\frac{1}{\varphi }))=\sqrt{\frac{16}{5}}\approx 1.7888$, with the following coordinates:

$(\frac{2}{\varphi }-3,1,1,1)/(\frac{1}{\varphi }-2)$

$(1,\frac{2}{\varphi }-3,1,1)/(\frac{1}{\varphi }-2)$

$(1,1,\frac{2}{\varphi }-3,1)/(\frac{1}{\varphi }-2)$

$(1,1,1,\frac{2}{\varphi }-3)/(\frac{1}{\varphi }-2)$

$(\frac{2}{\varphi },\frac{2}{\varphi },\frac{2}{\varphi },\frac{2}{\varphi })/(\frac{1}{\varphi }-2)$

The following set of origin-centered coordinates with the same radius and edge length as above can be seen as a hyperpyramid with a regular tetrahedral base in 3-space:

$(1,1,1,\frac{-1}{\sqrt{5}})$

$(1,-1,-1,\frac{-1}{\sqrt{5}})$

$(-1,1,-1,\frac{-1}{\sqrt{5}})$

$(-1,-1,1,\frac{-1}{\sqrt{5}})$

$(0,0,0,\frac{4}{\sqrt{5}})$

Scaling these or the previous set of coordinates by $\frac{\sqrt{5}}{4}$ give unit-radius origin-centered regular 5-cells with edge lengths $\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}$. The hyperpyramid has coordinates:

$(\sqrt{5},\sqrt{5},\sqrt{5},-1)/4$

$(\sqrt{5},-\sqrt{5},-\sqrt{5},-1)/4$

$(-\sqrt{5},\sqrt{5},-\sqrt{5},-1)/4$

$(-\sqrt{5},-\sqrt{5},\sqrt{5},-1)/4$

$(0,0,0,1)$

Coordinates for the vertices of another origin-centered regular 5-cell with edge length 2 and radius $\sqrt{\frac{8}{5}}\approx 1.265$ are:

$(\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},\pm 1)$

$(\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}},\frac{-2}{\sqrt{3}},0)$

$(\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}},-\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}},0,0)$

$(-2\sqrt{\frac{2}{5}},0,0,0)$

Scaling these by $\sqrt{\frac{5}{8}}$ to unit-radius and edge length $\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}$ gives:

$(\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5},\sqrt{10},\pm \sqrt{30})/(4\sqrt{3})$

$(\sqrt{3},\sqrt{5},-\sqrt{40},0)/(4\sqrt{3})$

$(\sqrt{3},-\sqrt{45},0,0)/(4\sqrt{3})$

$(-1,0,0,0)$

The vertices of a 4-simplex (with edge Template:Radic and radius 1) can be more simply constructed on a hyperplane in 5-space, as (distinct) permutations of (0,0,0,0,1) or (0,1,1,1,1); in these positions it is a facet of, respectively, the 5-orthoplex or the rectified penteract.

Geodesics and rotations

A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a double rotation.Template:Efn

The 5-cell has only digon central planes through vertices. It has 10 digon central planes, where each vertex pair is an edge, not an axis, of the 5-cell.Template:Efn Each digon plane is orthogonal to 3 others, but completely orthogonal to none of them.Template:Efn The characteristic isoclinic rotation of the 5-cell has, as pairs of invariant planes, those 10 digon planes and their completely orthogonal central planes, which are 0-gon planes which intersect no vertices of the 5-cell.

Below, a spinning 5-cell is visualized with the fourth dimension squashed and displayed as colour. The Clifford torus is depicted in its rectangular (wrapping) form.

• Visualization of 4D rotations
• 
  Simply rotating in X-Y plane
• 
  Simply rotating in Z-W plane
• 
  Double rotating in X-Y and Z-W planes with angular velocities in a 4:3 ratio
• 
  Left isoclinic rotation
• 
  Right isoclinic rotation

Boerdijk–Coxeter helix

A 5-cell can be constructed as a Boerdijk–Coxeter helix of five chained tetrahedra, folded into a 4-dimensional ring.Template:Sfn The 10 triangle faces can be seen in a 2D net within a triangular tiling, with 6 triangles around every vertex, although folding into 4-dimensions causes edges to coincide. The purple edges form a regular pentagon which is the Petrie polygon of the 5-cell. The blue edges connect every second vertex, forming a pentagram which is the Clifford polygon of the 5-cell. The pentagram's blue edges are chords of the 5-cell's isocline, the circular rotational path its vertices take during an isoclinic rotation, also known as a Clifford displacement.

Projections

Stereographic projection wireframe (edge projected onto a 3-sphere)

The A₄ Coxeter plane projects the 5-cell into a regular pentagon and pentagram. The A₃ Coxeter plane projection of the 5-cell is that of a square pyramid. The A₂ Coxeter plane projection of the regular 5-cell is that of a triangular bipyramid (two tetrahedra joined face-to-face) with the two opposite vertices centered.

Projections to 3 dimensions
The vertex-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions has a tetrahedral projection envelope. The closest vertex of the 5-cell projects to the center of the tetrahedron, as shown here in red. The farthest cell projects onto the tetrahedral envelope itself, while the other 4 cells project onto the 4 flattened tetrahedral regions surrounding the central vertex.	The edge-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions has a triangular dipyramidal envelope. The closest edge (shown here in red) projects to the axis of the dipyramid, with the three cells surrounding it projecting to 3 tetrahedral volumes arranged around this axis at 120 degrees to each other. The remaining 2 cells project to the two halves of the dipyramid and are on the far side of the pentatope.
The face-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions also has a triangular dipyramidal envelope. The nearest face is shown here in red. The two cells that meet at this face project to the two halves of the dipyramid. The remaining three cells are on the far side of the pentatope from the 4D viewpoint, and are culled from the image for clarity. They are arranged around the central axis of the dipyramid, just as in the edge-first projection.	The cell-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions has a tetrahedral envelope. The nearest cell projects onto the entire envelope, and, from the 4D viewpoint, obscures the other 4 cells; hence, they are not rendered here.

Irregular 5-cells

In the case of simplexes such as the 5-cell, certain irregular forms are in some sense more fundamental than the regular form. Although regular 5-cells cannot fill 4-space or the regular 4-polytopes, there are irregular 5-cells which do. These characteristic 5-cells are the fundamental domains of the different symmetry groups which give rise to the various 4-polytopes.

Orthoschemes

A 4-orthoscheme is a 5-cell where all 10 faces are right triangles.Template:Efn An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular.Template:Efn In a 4-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of four perpendicular edges connecting all five vertices in a linear path that makes three right-angled turns. The elements of an orthoscheme are also orthoschemes (just as the elements of a regular simplex are also regular simplexes). Each tetrahedral cell of a 4-orthoscheme is a 3-orthoscheme, and each triangular face is a 2-orthoscheme (a right triangle).

Orthoschemes are the characteristic simplexes of the regular polytopes, because each regular polytope is generated by reflections in the bounding facets of its particular characteristic orthoscheme.Template:Sfn For example, the special case of the 4-orthoscheme with equal-length perpendicular edges is the characteristic orthoscheme of the 4-cube (also called the tesseract or 8-cell), the 4-dimensional analogue of the 3-dimensional cube. If the three perpendicular edges of the 4-orthoscheme are of unit length, then all its edges are of length Template:Radic, Template:Radic, Template:Radic, or Template:Radic, precisely the chord lengths of the unit 4-cube (the lengths of the 4-cube's edges and its various diagonals). Therefore this 4-orthoscheme fits within the 4-cube, and the 4-cube (like every regular convex polytope) can be dissected into instances of its characteristic orthoscheme.

A 3-cube dissected into six 3-orthoschemes. Three are left-handed and three are right handed. A left and a right meet at each square face.

A 3-orthoscheme is easily illustrated, but a 4-orthoscheme is more difficult to visualize. A 4-orthoscheme is a tetrahedral pyramid with a 3-orthoscheme as its base. It has four more edges than the 3-orthoscheme, joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 5-cell). Pick out any one of the 3-orthoschemes of the six shown in the 3-cube illustration. Notice that it touches four of the cube's eight vertices, and those four vertices are linked by a 3-edge path that makes two right-angled turns. Imagine that this 3-orthoscheme is the base of a 4-orthoscheme, so that from each of those four vertices, an unseen 4-orthoscheme edge connects to a fifth apex vertex (which is outside the 3-cube and does not appear in the illustration at all). Although the four additional edges all reach the same apex vertex, they will all be of different lengths. The first of them, at one end of the 3-edge orthogonal path, extends that path with a fourth orthogonal Template:Radic edge by making a third 90 degree turn and reaching perpendicularly into the fourth dimension to the apex. The second of the four additional edges is a Template:Radic diagonal of a cube face (not of the illustrated 3-cube, but of another of the tesseract's eight 3-cubes).Template:Efn The third additional edge is a Template:Radic diagonal of a 3-cube (again, not the original illustrated 3-cube). The fourth additional edge (at the other end of the orthogonal path) is a long diameter of the tesseract itself, of length Template:Radic. It reaches through the exact center of the tesseract to the antipodal vertex (a vertex of the opposing 3-cube), which is the apex. Thus the characteristic 5-cell of the 4-cube has four Template:Radic edges, three Template:Radic edges, two Template:Radic edges, and one Template:Radic edge.

The 4-cube Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram can be dissected into 24 such 4-orthoschemes Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram eight different ways, with six 4-orthoschemes surrounding each of four orthogonal Template:Radic tesseract long diameters. The 4-cube can also be dissected into 384 smaller instances of this same characteristic 4-orthoscheme, just one way, by all of its symmetry hyperplanes at once, which divide it into 384 4-orthoschemes that all meet at the center of the 4-cube.Template:Efn

More generally, any regular polytope can be dissected into g instances of its characteristic orthoscheme that all meet at the regular polytope's center.Template:Sfn The number g is the order of the polytope, the number of reflected instances of its characteristic orthoscheme that comprise the polytope when a single mirror-surfaced orthoscheme instance is reflected in its own facets.Template:Efn More generally still, characteristic simplexes are able to fill uniform polytopes because they possess all the requisite elements of the polytope. They also possess all the requisite angles between elements (from 90 degrees on down). The characteristic simplexes are the genetic codes of polytopes: like a Swiss Army knife, they contain one of everything needed to construct the polytope by replication.

Every regular polytope, including the regular 5-cell, has its characteristic orthoscheme.Template:Efn There is a 4-orthoscheme which is the characteristic 5-cell of the regular 5-cell. It is a tetrahedral pyramid based on the characteristic tetrahedron of the regular tetrahedron. The regular 5-cell Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram can be dissected into 120 instances of this characteristic 4-orthoscheme Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram just one way, by all of its symmetry hyperplanes at once, which divide it into 120 4-orthoschemes that all meet at the center of the regular 5-cell.Template:Efn

Characteristics of the regular 5-cellTemplate:Sfn
	edgeTemplate:Sfn	arc		dihedralTemplate:Sfn
𝒍	$\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}\approx 1.581$	104°30′40″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \pi - 2\text{𝜂}}	75°29′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \pi - 2\text{𝟁}}
𝟀	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{10}}\approx 0.316$	75°29′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle 2\text{𝜂}}	60°	$\frac{\pi }{3}$
𝝉Template:Efn	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{30}}\approx 0.183$	52°15′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{2}-\text{𝜂}}	60°	$\frac{\pi }{3}$
𝟁	$\sqrt{\frac{2}{15}}\approx 0.103$	52°15′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{2}-\text{𝜂}}	60°	$\frac{\pi }{3}$
${}_0{R}^3/l$	$\sqrt{\frac{3}{20}}\approx 0.387$	75°29′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle 2\text{𝜂}}	90°	$\frac{\pi }{2}$
${}_1{R}^3/l$	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{20}}\approx 0.224$	52°15′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{2}-\text{𝜂}}	90°	$\frac{\pi }{2}$
${}_2{R}^3/l$	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{60}}\approx 0.129$	52°15′20″	Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{2}-\text{𝜂}}	90°	$\frac{\pi }{2}$
${}_0{R}^4/l$	$\sqrt{1}=1.0$
${}_1{R}^4/l$	$\sqrt{\frac{3}{8}}\approx 0.612$
${}_2{R}^4/l$	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{6}}\approx 0.408$
${}_3{R}^4/l$	$\sqrt{\frac{1}{16}}=0.25$
Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \text{𝜼}}		37°44′40″	$\frac{\text{arc sec }4}{2}$

The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) of the regular 5-cell has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), which join the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 5-cell).Template:Efn If the regular 5-cell has unit radius and edge length $\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}$, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths $\sqrt{\frac{1}{10}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{30}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{2}{15}}$ around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),Template:Efn plus $\sqrt{\frac{3}{20}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{20}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{60}}$ (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the characteristic radii of the regular tetrahedron), plus $\sqrt{1}$, $\sqrt{\frac{3}{8}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{6}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{16}}$ (edges which are the characteristic radii of the regular 5-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is $\sqrt{\frac{1}{30}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{2}{15}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{60}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{1}{16}}$, first from a regular 5-cell vertex to a regular 5-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell face center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell tetrahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the regular 5-cell center.Template:Efn

Isometries

There are many lower symmetry forms of the 5-cell, including these found as uniform polytope vertex figures:

Symmetry	[3,3,3] Order 120	[3,3,1] Order 24	[3,2,1] Order 12	[3,1,1] Order 6	~[5,2]+ Order 10
Name	Regular 5-cell	Tetrahedral pyramid		Triangular pyramidal pyramid
Schläfli	{3,3,3}	{3,3}∨( )	{3}∨{ }	{3}∨( )∨( )
Example Vertex figure	5-simplex	Truncated 5-simplex	Bitruncated 5-simplex	Cantitruncated 5-simplex	Omnitruncated 4-simplex honeycomb

The tetrahedral pyramid is a special case of a 5-cell, a polyhedral pyramid, constructed as a regular tetrahedron base in a 3-space hyperplane, and an apex point above the hyperplane. The four sides of the pyramid are made of triangular pyramid cells.

Many uniform 5-polytopes have tetrahedral pyramid vertex figures with Schläfli symbols ( )∨{3,3}.

Symmetry [3,3,1], order 24

Schlegel diagram
Name Coxeter	{ }×{3,3,3} Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	{ }×{4,3,3} Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	{ }×{5,3,3} Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t{3,3,3,3} Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t{4,3,3,3} Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t{3,4,3,3} Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram

Other uniform 5-polytopes have irregular 5-cell vertex figures. The symmetry of a vertex figure of a uniform polytope is represented by removing the ringed nodes of the Coxeter diagram.

Symmetry	[3,2,1], order 12		[3,1,1], order 6		[2+,4,1], order 8	[2,1,1], order 4
Schläfli	{3}∨{  }		{3}∨( )∨( )		{ }∨{ }∨( )
Schlegel diagram						File:Bicanitruncated 5-cube verf.png
Name Coxeter	t12α5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t12γ5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t012α5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t012γ5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t123α5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t123γ5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram

Symmetry	[2,1,1], order 2			[2+,1,1], order 2	[ ]+, order 1
Schläfli	{ }∨( )∨( )∨( )			( )∨( )∨( )∨( )∨( )
Schlegel diagram	File:Runcicantitruncated 5-simplex verf.png		File:Runcicantitruncated 5-orthoplex verf.png		File:Omnitruncated 5-cube verf.png
Name Coxeter	t0123α5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t0123γ5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t0123β5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t01234α5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	t01234γ5 Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram

Compound

The compound of two 5-cells in dual configurations can be seen in this A5 Coxeter plane projection, with a red and blue 5-cell vertices and edges. This compound has 3,3,3 symmetry, order 240. The intersection of these two 5-cells is a uniform bitruncated 5-cell. Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram = Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram ∩ Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram.

File:Compound dual 5-cells A5 coxeter plane.png

This compound can be seen as the 4D analogue of the 2D hexagram {Template:Sfrac} and the 3D compound of two tetrahedra.

Related polytopes and honeycombs

The pentachoron (5-cell) is the simplest of 9 uniform polychora constructed from the [3,3,3] Coxeter group. Template:Pentachoron family small

1k2 figures in n dimensions
Space	Finite						Euclidean	Hyperbolic
n	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Coxeter group	E3=A2A1	E4=A4	E5=D5	E6	E7	E8	E9 = ${\tilde{E}}_8$ = E8+	E10 = ${\overline{T}}_8$ = E8++
Coxeter diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
Symmetry (order)	[3−1,2,1]	[30,2,1]	[31,2,1]	[[W:32,2,1|32,2,1]]	[33,2,1]	[34,2,1]	[35,2,1]	[36,2,1]
Order	12	120	1,920	103,680	2,903,040	696,729,600	∞
Graph	File:Trigonal hosohedron.png	Error creating thumbnail:		File:Up 1 22 t0 E6.svg	File:Up2 1 32 t0 E7.svg	File:Gosset 1 42 polytope petrie.svg	-	-
Name	1−1,2	102	112	122	132	142	152	162

2k1 figures in n dimensions
Space	Finite						Euclidean	Hyperbolic
n	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Coxeter group	E3=A2A1	E4=A4	E5=D5	E6	E7	E8	E9 = ${\tilde{E}}_8$ = E8+	E10 = ${\overline{T}}_8$ = E8++
Coxeter diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram	Template:Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
Symmetry	[3−1,2,1]	[30,2,1]	[[W:31,2,1|31,2,1]]	[32,2,1]	[33,2,1]	[34,2,1]	[35,2,1]	[36,2,1]
Order	12	120	384	51,840	2,903,040	696,729,600	∞
Graph	File:Trigonal dihedron.png	Error creating thumbnail:		File:Up 2 21 t0 E6.svg	File:Up2 2 31 t0 E7.svg	Error creating thumbnail:	-	-
Name	2−1,1	201	211	221	231	241	251	261

It is in the {p,3,3} sequence of regular polychora with a tetrahedral vertex figure: the tesseract {4,3,3} and 120-cell {5,3,3} of Euclidean 4-space, and the hexagonal tiling honeycomb {6,3,3} of hyperbolic space.Template:Efn Template:Tetrahedral vertex figure tessellations small

It is one of three {3,3,p} regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells, along with the 16-cell {3,3,4} and 600-cell {3,3,5}. The order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb {3,3,6} of hyperbolic space also has tetrahedral cells. Template:Tetrahedral cell tessellations

It is self-dual like the 24-cell {3,4,3}, having a palindromic {3,p,3} Schläfli symbol. Template:Symmetric tessellations

References

• T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
• H.S.M. Coxeter:
  • Template:Cite book
    • p. 120, §7.2. see illustration Fig 7.2A
    • p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
  • Template:Citation
  • Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, Template:ISBN [1]
    • (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
    • (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
    • (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
• Template:Cite arXiv
• John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, Template:ISBN (Chapter 26. pp. 409: Hemicubes: 1_n1)
• Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
  • N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. (1966)
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Der 5-Zeller (5-cell) Marco Möller's Regular polytopes in R⁴ (German)
• Jonathan Bowers, Regular polychora
• Java3D Applets
• pyrochoron