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...s with hierarchies of language families defined in a wide variety of ways. Formal language theory is concerned with the purely syntactical aspects, rather th ...ned machines that ''accept'' (or ''generate'', according to the viewpoint) formal languages. ...

...nal logic'' (or ''sentential logic''). Propositional logic is a domain of formal subject matter that is, up to somorphism, constituted by the structural rel In general terms, a calculus is a formal system that consists of a set of syntactic expressions (''well-formed formu ...

...s. The comparative method can still rely on analytical techniques based on formal models like the statistical and the experimental methods, even though the c ...orithm may be regarded such as an extension to the first, but relying upon Formal Language Theory instead – in its turn, an extension to Set Theory. The appl ...

==Formal definitions== Many mathematical axioms are based upon recursive rules. For example, the formal definition of the [[w:en:natural number|natural number]]s by the [[w:en:Pea ...