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...ater in various forms. For students interested in off-world water, several lectures have been included. ===Lectures=== ...

==Gases== {{main|Gases}} ...

...Excluded from the comparison are elements lighter than fluorine, the noble gases, and elements for which no or only very unreliable photospheric abundance d ...are no observable lines in the solar spectrum. The abundances of the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe cannot be derived from the photospheric spectrum. Ne ...

From the Eight Lectures on [[../PhysicalMathematics2/|theoretical physics]] delivered at Columbia U a known result for monatomic gases. ...

* [[Keynote lectures/Dates|Dates]] (Hadean) (173 kB) (31 August 2019) * [[Draft:Original research/Gases|Gases]] (23 kB) (27 October 2019) ...

...es, having been routinely measured in other media like plasmas, or ionized gases. But in the cesium experiment, the outcome is particularly strange because [[Category:Astrophysics/Lectures]] ...

{{main|Gases/Gaseous objects|Gaseous objects}} '''Def.''' "[a]n opening through which [entities such as] gases ... can pass"<ref name=Vent>{{ cite book ...

{{main|Gases/Gaseous objects|Gaseous objects}} [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] ...

* [[Keynote lectures/Astrophysics|Astrophysics]] (106 kB) (7 July 2019) * [[Keynote lectures/Cosmic radiation astronomy|Cosmic rays]] (101 kB) (18 July 2019) ...

...ion "Considerations relating to the Increase Entropy due to the Mixture of Gases by Diffusion." (starting at page 125 of the scanned file, which is page 227 ...e striking property that the mixing entropy does not depend on which kinds gases are involved, whether they are very different or very similar. They only ne ...

...e same process that takes place in a jet engine: The burning and expanding gases are deflected by the engine walls through a nozzle to form long, collimated ==Gases== ...

...years ago are providing vital information about past levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere."<ref name=AtmosphericResearch>{{ cite book ...particularly as far as ¹⁴C, ¹⁰Be, and the greenhouse gases CO₂ and methane are concerned [...]. The invisible inclusions, m ...

==Gases== {{main|Gases/Gaseous objects/Earth}} ...

...is sufficiently dilute. The ideal gas refers to this dilute limit of real gases, and the ideal gas temperature is proportional to the product. ...Boltzmann, much of which was collectively published in Boltzmann's 1896 ''Lectures on Gas Theory''. ...

...the two principal constituents of ordinary matter in the [[universe]]. The gases are compacted on the white dwarf's surface by its intense gravity, compress ...-4 }}</ref> liberating an enormous amount of energy, blowing the remaining gases away from the white dwarf's surface and producing an extremely bright outbu ...

...e hydrogen is the most abundant constituent of both plasmas and background gases and hydrogen charge-exchange occurs at very high velocities involving littl ==Gases== ...

...the two principal constituents of ordinary matter in the [[universe]]. The gases are compacted on the white dwarf's surface by its intense gravity, compress ...-4 }}</ref> liberating an enormous amount of energy, blowing the remaining gases away from the white dwarf's surface and producing an extremely bright outbu ...

...ns and alpha particles. These particles interact with atoms in atmospheric gases, producing a cascade of secondary particles that may in turn interact and r [[Category:Archaeology/Lectures]] ...

{{main|Keynote lectures/Astronomy}} ...canic explosions or carried upward in the volcanic plume by hot, hazardous gases. The larger fragments usually fall close to the volcano, but the finer part ...

{{main|Keynote lectures/Astronomy}} ...of greater charge differential between the surface and the ionosphere, the gases between suffer breakdown (ionization) that permits [[Plasmas/Plasma objects ...