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...f{r})</math>, we operate at first under the conditions of the `geometrical optics approximation' and seek to form an equation of propagation for a [[../Cosmo ...late that in all generality, even when the conditions for the `geometrical optics' approximation are not fulfilled, the wave <math>\Psi</math> satisfies the ...

[[w:Optics]]<br> [[w:Geometrical optics]]<br> ...

...behavior of [[../CosmologicalConstant2/|wave]] packets on the "geometrical optics" approximation lead us to the [[../TransversalWave/|wave equation]] ...

...s these wave packets is associated with [[w:geometrical optics|geometrical optics]] and the [[w:eikonal equation|eikonal equation]]. In this approximation, ...

:The occurrence of <math>4 \pi</math> with the constant is related to some geometrical considerations that make some formulas (notably [[Maxwell's Equations]]) si :It is sometimes useful, in investigations of optics and capacitor dielectrics, to use a value of &epsilon; other than the stand ...

| keywords = wave optics, physical optics, history of optics, diffraction, obliquity factor, spatiotemporal dipole ...last=Miller |title=Huygens's wave propagation principle corrected |journal=Optics Letters |volume=16 |issue= 18|pages=1370–1372 |date=1991 |doi=10.1364/OL.16 ...

tions of the Calculus, especially to Crystallography, to Geometrical Optics, and to the Induction of Currents, in addition to those on ...

==Optics== [[Image:Ray optics diagram incidence reflection and refraction.svg|thumb|right|350px|Diagram s ...

...ndlagen%20der%20Optik.pdf Light microscopy online theory and application - Optics]'' page 24</ref><ref>Georg Eisner: ''[http://www.eisner-georg.ch/Andere/Per ...ference between <math>S_2</math> and <math>F</math>. From the [[w:en:Lens (optics)#Imaging properties|thin lens formula]], ...

...0 groove/mm grating). We use 30 mm x 30 mm gratings from Edmund Industrial Optics with a 5000 A blaze (ref. NT46-077 for the 1200 g/mm and ref. NT46-077 for ...act angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular ...

...s through Earth's [[w:atmosphere|atmosphere]], which works as a [[w:Prism (optics)|prism]] separating the light into different colors. The color of the upper ...the Sun] can be expected to have a pronounced color dependence, whereas a geometrical oblateness cannot depend on color."<ref name=Chapman>{{ cite journal ...

| abstract = The "cathetus rule", in optics, alleges that the image of an object-point formed by reflection or refracti | keywords = geometrical optics, Gaussian optics, history of optics, stigmatism, astigmatism, sagittal focus ...

...for the aberration angles φ' and φ, Plummer remarked on p. 259: ''Another geometrical representation is obtained by assimilating φ' to the eccentric and φ to the ...ght in the aether is constant in all directions. In order to calculate the optics of moving bodies, Lorentz introduced the following quantities to transform ...

...all apply to the radiation of heat all the well-known laws of experimental optics, especially those of [[../FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy/|reflect ....) and hence it follows that only material [[../Particle/|particles]], not geometrical volumes or surfaces, can emit heat rays. It is true that for the sake of br ...

|journal=Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics ...analysis; e.g., a quadrupolar field is analogous to a lens in geometrical optics, having similar properties regarding beam focusing (but obeying Earnshaw's ...

...other attractive and repulsive forces binding particles."''<ref> Newton I. Optics. 1954, p. 301. </ref> ...''principle of the pyramid'' in which energy gathers and is then lost in a geometrical proportion, has been made a basis of mechanics. "The uniform theory of fiel ...

...other attractive and repulsive forces binding particles."''<ref> Newton I. Optics. 1954, p. 301. </ref> ...his ''principle of pyramid'' in which energy gathers and is then lost in a geometrical proportion, has been made a basis of mechanics. [[w:Albert Einstein |Albert ...

|journal=Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics ...analysis; e.g., a quadrupolar field is analogous to a lens in geometrical optics, having similar properties regarding beam focusing (but obeying Earnshaw's ...