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...interactions between microscopic or [[../CosmologicalConstant2/|subatomic particles]]. The simple linear nature of the law makes it very convenient to [[../Wor ...

At present, we understand that there are two categories of fundamental particles: bosons and fermions. ==Elementary Particles== ...

...g suggests that it might be possible to explain the diversity of subatomic particles and fundamental forces in terms of a theory of how an original hyperspace " ...to overcome some of the mathematical problems confronted when considering particles as points. ...

#Elementary Particles and [[../ExtendedQuantumSymmetries/|quarks]] #Energy: Conservation Laws, [[ #virtual particles ...

...e composed almost entirely of [[w:neutron |neutron]]s, which are subatomic particles without electrical charge and roughly the same mass as [[w:proton |proton]] The neutron subatomic particle was discovered in 1932 by Sir James Chadwick. <ref> Chadwick, Jame ...

...he cosmic-ray telescope collects data on the composition of the cosmic ray particles and their energy ranges. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] {What negatively charged particles may be used as tracers of cosmic magnetic fields? ...

...rce ... that [forms and holds together] protons, neutrons and other hadron particles."<ref name=StrongInteraction>{{ cite web "A '''baryon''' is a composite subatomic particle [bound together by] the strong interaction, whereas leptons [are] ...

...ence that we have gathered about the universe. From the smallest subatomic particles to the largest galaxies, everything in the universe behaves according to ce ...

...ic interaction''' is a fundamental force of nature that is felt by charged particles. Its exchange particle is the photon (symbol &gamma;) and the many forms of ...repulsions between any particles or antiparticles that have charge. If the particles are attracted they stay together, because there is a continual exchange of ...

...a descriptor for three of the four fundamental forces and the fundamental particles that partake in those interactions."<ref name=StandardModel>{{ cite web An electron may be thought of as a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative one. ...

...ton's experiment convinced physicists that light can behave as a stream of particles whose energy is proportional to the frequency. ...tric charge) of the produced particles must sum to zero — thus the created particles shall have opposite values of each (for instance, if one particle has stran ...

...a descriptor for three of the four fundamental forces and the fundamental particles that partake in those interactions."<ref name=StandardModel>{{ cite book An electron may be thought of as a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative one. ...

...h this notion is somewhat misguided at subatomic scales because elementary particles are believed to be [[point particle|point-like]].<ref> ...'/2; for this reason quarks are classified as [[spin-½|spin-{{Frac|1|2}}]] particles.<ref> ...

...or "heavy" (βαρύς, barys), because at the time of their naming, most known particles had lower masses than the baryons'. ...orce]] and are described by [[Fermi−Dirac statistics]], which apply to all particles obeying the [[Pauli exclusion principle]]. This is in contrast to the [[bos ...

...ial experimental evidence, that hadrons were not elementary [[../Particle/|particles]], but they were instead composed of specific (triplet) combinations of qua ...in virtual states, and also in other [[../CosmologicalConstant2/|subatomic particles]] generated in [[../LargeHadronCollider/|particle accelerators]]. They are ...

...g constantly (due to atmospheric evaporation and bombardment by radiation, particles, and tiny meteorites). ...

...f each of the nucleons) is also spherically symmetric and 1s, and the four particles, each with a different quantum number, like the electrons in the helium ato An electron may be thought of as a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative one. ...

...lectrically neutral, weakly interacting [[w:elementary particle|elementary subatomic particle]]<ref name=Max>{{ cite book ...ectromagnetism, and [[w:gravity|gravity]], which is relatively weak on the subatomic scale. They are therefore able to travel great distances through matter wit ...

...ctions. For atoms with more than one electron (or any system with multiple particles), the underlying space is the possible configurations of all the electrons ...esponds to a physically meaningful observable. For the case of a system of particles, the space V consists of functions called wave functions. ...

...forces of nature, arising from an "electric charge" possessed by subatomic particles (notably protons and electrons). The preceding description in terms of fundamental particles and forces is perhaps too theoretical for practical use. What is electrici ...