Draft:Original research/Notations

Notations may be a series or system of written symbols used to represent numbers, amounts, or elements in something such as music or mathematics.

Astronomy

Template:Main Notation: let the symbol $\oplus$ indicate the Earth.

Notation: let the symbol ʘ or $\odot$ indicate the Sun.

Notation: let the symbol $I_{\odot }$ indicate the total solar irradiance.

Notation: let the symbol $L_V$ indicate the solar visible luminosity.

Notation: let the symbol $L_{\odot }$ indicate the solar bolometric luminosity.

Notation: let the symbol $L_{bol}$ indicate the solar bolometric luminosity.

Notation: let the symbol $M_{bol}$ represent the bolometric magnitude, the total energy output.

Notation: let the symbol $M_V$ represent the visual magnitude.

Notation: let the symbol $M_{\odot }$ indicate the solar mass.

Notation: let the symbol $Q_{\odot }$ represent the net solar charge.

Notation: let the symbol $R_{\oplus }$ indicate the Earth's radius.

Notation: let the symbol $R_J$ indicate the radius of Jupiter.

Notation: let the symbol $R_{\odot }$ indicate the solar radius.

Theoretical notations

Def. "the act, process, method, or an instance of representing by a system or set of marks, signs, figures, or characters" or "a system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in an art or science or in mathematics or logic to express technical facts or quantities" is called a notation.

Languages

"In a village of the riverine plains of central Laos, a man calls out through thin bamboo walling to a next-door neighbor named Noi: Noi bòò mii sùak vaa Noi (“Noi, do you have any rope Noi?”). She calls back: Haa? (“Huh?”). The man repeats the question: Bòò mii sùak vaa (“Do you have any rope?”)."

"In a hillside hamlet in central Eastern Ghana, two speakers of the minority language Siwu are preparing gunpowder, which will be sold for use at a funeral in another village. One man asks: Ilɛ̀ isɛ̀-ɛ? (“Where is the funeral?”). The other: Hã? (“Huh?”). The first: Ilɛ̀ isɛ̀-ɛ? (“Where is the funeral?”)."

"In the coastal lowlands of northwestern Ecuador, two Cha’palaa speakers exchange information. Motorkaa detisaa (“They say he bought a motor.”). Aa? (“Huh?”). Motorkaa detisaa (“They say he bought a motor.”)."

Transcriptions start sites

Template:Main Notation: let the symbol bp indicate a nitrogenous nucleobase pair as linked by a hydrogen bond between the two antiparallel helices that compose DNA.

Notation: let the symbol nt indicate a nucleotide.

Notation: for the coding of individual nucleobases along a DNA strand, the following letters are standardized by convention:

1. adenine - A,
2. cytosine - C,
3. guanine - G, and
4. thymine - T.

Notation: let the subscript (+1) indicate the specific nucleobase along the template strand that is a transcription start site. For example, A₊₁.

Degenerate nucleotides

Template:Main Alphabetically,

IUPAC nucleotide code	Base
A	Adenine
B	C or G or T (U) [not A]
C	Cytosine
D	A or G or T (U) [not C]
G	Guanine
H	A or C or T (U) [not G]
K	G or T (U) [Keto]
M	A or C [aMine]
N	aNy base
R	A or G [puRine]
S	G or C [Strong]
T (or U in RNA)	Thymine (or Uracil)
V	A or C or G [not T]
W	A or T (U) [Weak]
X	N, aNy base
Y	C or T (U) [pYrimidine]

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IUPAC nomenclature) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for the naming of the chemical elements and compounds. Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing nucleotide base sequence code names.

Symbol	Description	Bases represented
A	adenosine	A				1
C	cytidine		C
G	guanosine			G
T	thymidine				T
U	uridine				U
W	weak	A			T	2
S	strong		C	G
M	[Amine] amino	A	C
K	[Ketone] keto			G	T
R	[Purine] purine	A		G
Y	[Pyrimidine] pyrimidine		C		T
B	not A (B comes after A)		C	G	T	3
D	not C (D comes after C)	A		G	T
H	not G (H comes after G)	A	C		T
V	not T (V comes after T and U)	A	C	G
N or -	any base (not a gap)	A	C	G	T	4

These nucleotide notations are an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) representation for a position on a DNA sequence that can be have multiple possible alternatives. Template:Clear

Semantics

Template:Main Notation: let the symbol Def. indicate that a definition is following.

Pragmatics

Template:Main Notation: let the symbols between [ and ] be replacement for that portion of a quoted text.

Notation: let the symbol ... indicate unneeded portion of a quoted text.

Sometimes these are combined as [...] to indicate that text has been replaced by ....

Theoretical notations

Notational locations
Weight	Oversymbol	Exponent
Coefficient	Variable	Operation
Number	Range	Index

For each of the notational locations around the central Variable, conventions are often set by consensus as to use. For example, Exponent is often used as an exponent to a number or variable: 2^-2 or x².

In the Notations at the top of this section, Index is replaced by symbols for the Sun (ʘ), Draft:Earth ($R_{\oplus }$), or can be for Jupiter (J) such as $R_J$.

A common Oversymbol is one for the average $\overline{Variable}$.

Operation may be replaced by a function, for example.

All notational locations could look something like

bx	$-$	x = n
a	$\sum$	f(x)
n	→	∞

where the center line means "a x Σ f(x)" for all added up values of f(x) when x = n from say 0 to infinity with each term in the sum before summation multiplied by bn, then divided by n for an average whenever n is finite.

Mathematics

$1,2,3,\dots$	$\dots ,-2,-1,0,1,2\dots$	$-2,\frac{2}{3},1.21$	$-e,\sqrt{2},3,\pi$	$2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i\frac{4\pi }{3}}$
Natural numbers	Integers	Rational numbers	Real numbers	Complex numbers

A calculator display showing an approximation to the Avogadro constant in E notation. Credit: PRHaney.

Sciences

Template:Main Scientific notation (more commonly known as standard form) is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. Scientific notation has a number of useful properties and is commonly used in calculators and by scientists, mathematicians and engineers.

Standard decimal notation	Normalized scientific notation
2	Template:Val
300	Template:Val
4,321.768	Template:Val
-53,000	Template:Val
6,720,000,000	Template:Val
0.2	Template:Val
0.000 000 007 51	Template:Val

A metric prefix or SI prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a decadic multiple or fraction of the unit. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to the unit symbol.

Hypotheses

1. Ancient languages may have been little more than notations.

See also

• Mathematics
• Semantics
• Symbols