PlanetPhysics/Physical Laws

The Laws of Physics

This is a new contributed topic summarizing the laws of Physics.

more to come...

Laws of Classical, Newtonian Mechanics

• Newton's first, second and third laws of [[../CosmologicalConstant/|motion]]
• Euler--Lagrange equation
• Conservation of [[../Momentum/|momentum]]
• Conservation of [[../CosmologicalConstant/|mass]] and [[../CosmologicalConstant/|energy]]
• Newton's Law of Gravitation
• Hook's law

Principles and Laws of Relativistic Mechanics

• Equivalence of [[../CoriolisEffect/|reference systems]] or coordination frames
• Constancy of the [[../CosmologicalConstant/|speed of light]], $c$
• [[../AlbertEinstein/|Einstein's]] Equivalence of gravitational and [[../Mass/|inertial mass]]
• Einstein's Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence
• Einstein--Hilbert action
• Einstein's [[../CosmologicalConstant/|field]] equations (EFEs)
• Einstein--Maxwell equations
• Correspondence principle: Newton's law of gravitation derived from EFEs
• Mach's 'principle', or conjecture

Laws of Fluids and Hydrodynamics

• 1
• 2
• 3

Principle and Laws of Optics

• Maupertuis' Principle; Principle of Least (or minimum) Action; Variational principles
• Hamilton's Principle; Principle of Stationary Action
• Snell's Laws
• Huygens's Principle of Diffraction

Laws of Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics

• [[../Charge/|charge]] Conservation
• [[../CoulombsLaw/|Coulomb's law]]
• Amp\'ere's Law
• Faraday's Law
• Kirchhoff law for electrical circuits
• [[../FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy/|Maxwell's equations]]
• Bragg's Law
• Clausius-Mossotti Law
• xxxx

Laws of Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics

• Energy Conservation
• Zeroth, First, Second and Third [[../ThermodynamicLaws/|principles of thermodynamics]]: \bigbreak Zeroth Law -defines [[../BoltzmannConstant/|temperature]]: If a \htmladdnormallink{system {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} A is in [[../ThermalEquilibrium/|thermal equilibrium]] with both systems B and C, then systems B and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, if A is at the same temperature as both B and C, then B and C have to be at the same temperature, in thermal equilibrium with each other}. First Law: The change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between \htmladdnormallink{heat {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Heat.html} added to the system from its surroundings and [[../Work/|work]] done by the system on its surroundings}; \bigbreak Second Law: In any process occurring in a \htmladdnormallink{closed system {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html} the [[../ThermodynamicLaws/|entropy]] can only increase}; \bigbreak Third Law: the entropy of any pure crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of temperature approaching zero absolute (i.e., in deg Kelvin) ; also Nernst's law or Nernst heat [[../Formula/|theorem]].
• Avogadro's law: the number of \htmladdnormallink{molecules {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Molecule.html} or atoms in a specific [[../Volume/|volume]] of gas is a [[../CosmologicalConstant2/|universal constant]], independent of their size or the molecular mass of the gas}; a mol of gas contains always Avogadro's number, $N_A$, of molecules of the gas; $N_A=6.022\times 10^{23}mo{l}^{-1}$.
• Clausius--Clapeyron equation
• Van't Hoff equation
• Henry's law: At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given \htmladdnormallink{type {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the [[../DaltonsLaw/|partial pressure]] of that gas in [[../ThermalEquilibrium/|equilibrium]] with that liquid}.
• [[../DaltonsLaw/|Dalton's law]] (Dalton's law of partial pressures): The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture .
• Van der Waals equation of state: Principle of Corresponding States
• Gibbs--Duhem equation , or the Phase Law
• Gibbs--Helmholtz equations
• Kopp's law for heat capacities
• Ehrenfest equations
• Maxwell's [[../Bijective/|relations]] for [[../Thermodynamics/|Thermodynamic]] potentials
• Onsager's Principle; Onsager reciprocal relations
• Stefan--Boltzmann's Law
• Fick's laws of diffusion
• Maxwell---Stefan diffusion
• Churchill-Bernstein Equation
• Raoult's law
• Duhem--Margules equation
• Thermodynamics of [[../BlackHoles/|black holes]] and [[../SimplicialCWComplex/|spin networks]] in Qauntum Gravity

Statistical Mechanics

• Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution laws:
• Maxwell---Boltzmann statistics,
• Bose--Einstein statistics,
• Ferm--Dirac statistics,
• Partition [[../Bijective/|function]] and the Equations of State of a Thermodynamic System
• Schwinger functions and Osterwalder---Schrader theorem in statistical field theory
• Langevin equation

Laws of Quantum Mechanics

• [[../PlancksRadiationLaw/|Planck's law]] and Universal constant, $h$
• Einstein's Laws of Light [[../FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy/|absorption]] and Emission; Einstein's coefficients
• Law of [[../PhotoelectricEffectIntroduction/|photoelectric effect]]
• Quantization Laws
• First and Second [[../MoyalDeformation/|quantization]] Principles
• Correspondence Principle
• [[../TransversalWave/|wave-particle duality]] (de Broglie)
• Superposition Principle and the quantum Wavefunction
• Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg)
• Schr"/odinger's Equations
• Hamilton's Principle
• Einstein--Maxwell--Dirac equations (EMD)
• Klein--Fock--Gordon equation
• Rarita--Schwinger equation for spin--3/2 [[../QuarkAntiquarkPair/|fermions]]
• Conservation Laws in Spontaneous and [[../CosmologicalConstant/|quantum measurement]] Processes
• Pauli's Principle for fermions
• [[../LongRangeCoupling/|Goldstone theorem]]
• Kirchhoff's Laws of spectroscopic analysis: Kirchhoff showed that there are three types of spectra emitted by [[../TrivialGroupoid/|objects]]: 1) Continuous [[../CohomologyTheoryOnCWComplexes/|spectrum]] -- a [[../CoIntersections/|solid]] or liquid body radiates an uninterrupted, smooth spectrum (called a Planck curve); 2) Emission spectrum-- a radiating gas produces a spectrum of discrete spectral lines 3) Absorption spectrum -- a continuous spectrum that passes through a cool gas has specific spectral lines removed (inverse of an emission spectrum)
• Dispersion laws
• [[../LongRangeCoupling/|superconductivity]] principle and [[../LondonEquation/|Meissner effect]]
• Wheeler--DeWitt equation in [[../LQG2/|quantum gravity]]

Principles of \htmladdnormallink{quantum field theory {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SpaceTimeQuantizationInQuantumGravityTheories.html} ([[../HotFusion/|QFT]]) and [[../QED/|quantum electrodynamics]] ([[../HotFusion/|QED]])}

• [[../Particle/|particle]] Indistinguishability
• Second Quantization
• Mass--renormalization laws
• Schwinger--Dyson equation

Laws of Atomic and Nuclear Physics

• Law of [[../Cyclotron/|radioactive decay]]
• [[../Lepton/|lepton]] conservation laws in electroweak theory
• The Standard Model
• [[../Supersymmetry/|supersymmetry]]
• Equivalence of [[../10DBrane/|string theories]]
• Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs theory Dispersion laws for [[../LongRangeCoupling/|Goldstone bosons]]

more to come ...