PlanetPhysics/Quantum Chromodynamics

QCD or Quantum chromodynamics is the advanced, standard mathematical and quantum physics treatment, or theory, of strong [[../Thrust/|force]] or [[../HotFusion/|nuclear interactions]] such as those among quarks and gluons, [[../QuarkAntiquarkPair/|partons]], `Yukawa' mesons, and so on, with an intrinsic threefold symmetry for RGB quarks (or `eightfold-way' [[../TrivialGroupoid/|diagrams]] resulting from [[../CategoricalGroupRepresentation/|representations]] of the [[../ComultiplicationInAQuantumGroup/|quantum group]] $SU(3)$ first reported by the US Nobel Laureate Gell-Mann and others. This is not only a rather `colorful' theory (as its name suggests) but also a very highly formalized, mathematical one that affords major simplifications by postulating intrinsic symmetries of magnetic--like `color', `flavor', `strangeness' and top/down quark (and [[../NeutrinoRestMass/|anti-quark]]) intrinsic properties, each time involving three color charges. Single quarks , such as the $u$ or $d$ ones have however never been observed, with the proton and [[../Pions/|neutron]] `consisting of' three such quarks with a resulting `white' color, or [[../Charge/|charge]] colorless proton and neutron, as well as stable `white' nuclei `consisting of' the latter two [[../QuantumParticle/|quantum particles]], dynamically confined by the very short range, nuclear [[../QuarkAntiquarkPair/|strong interactions]]. The quark interactions are mediated by gluons --as well as their exchange-- and the latter also carry charge color--but unlike the photons that mediate the electromagnetic interactions in QED-- gluons have multiple interactions with each other leading to major computational difficulties in QCD, that are not encountered in [[../LQG2/|QED]]. Major obstacles in QCD [[../LQG2/|computations]] of [[../QuantumSpinNetworkFunctor2/|observable]] nuclear (quantum) eigenvalues are therefore encountered in attempting approximate, perturbative approaches that [[../Work/|work]] extremely well for electromagentic interactions (governed by the charge $U(1)$ [[../TopologicalOrder2/|symmetry group]]), for example with Richard Feynman's approach in QED. Electro-weak (QEW) interactions were successfully approached in QED--like fashion but with [[../CosmologicalConstant/|quantum field]] carriers that are--unlike the photon--massive, and therefore the electro-weak interactions have limited range, unlike the photons of zero [[../CosmologicalConstant/|mass]] at rest. Thus, QCD and QED are more than just `one pole apart', as $U(1)$ and $SU(3)$ are very different [[../TrivialGroupoid/|group]] symmetries. This makes obvious the need for more fundamental, or extended quantum symmetries, such as those afforded by either several larger groups such as $U(1)\times SU(2)\times SU(3)$, or by spontaneously broken, multiple (or localized) symmetries of a less restrictive kind present in [[../WeakHopfAlgebra/|quantum groupoids]], such as for example in [[../WeakHopfAlgebra/|weak Hopf algebra]] representations, [[../LocallyCompactGroupoid/|locally compact groupoid]] Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle G_{lc } }, unitary representations, and so on, to the higher dimensional (quantum) symmetries of [[../LongRangeCoupling/|quantum double groupoids]], quantum [[../GeneralizedSuperalgebras/|double algebroids]], [[../QuantumCategories/|quantum categories/]] [[../SuperCategory6/|supercategories]] and/or quantum [[../HamiltonianAlgebroid3/|supersymmetry superalgebras]] (or graded `[[../BilinearMap/|Lie' algebras]], see- for example- the [[../HotFusion/|QFT]] books by Weinberg (1995, 2003) [[../GeneralizedSuperalgebras/|superalgebroids]] in [[../LQG2/|quantum gravity]], or in QCD of the extremely hot, very early, [[../MultiVerses/|physical Universe]], extremely close to the time of the `Big Bang'.